Answer:
Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century. The Sahara once had a very different environment. In Libya and Algeria, from at least 7000 BC, there was pastoralism, the herding of sheep, goats, large settlements, and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara (Ahaggar) from 4000 to 3500 BC. Remarkable rock paintings (dated 3500 to 2500 BC), in places which are currently very dry, portray vegetation, and animal presence rather different from modern expectations.[1]
As a desert, Sahara is now a hostile expanse that separates the Mediterranean economy from the economy of the Niger basin. As Fernand Braudel points out that crossing such a zone (especially without mechanized transport) is worthwhile only when exceptional circumstances cause the expected gain to outweigh the cost and danger.[2]
Trade, beginning around 300 CE, [3] was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size per caravan was 1,000 camels; some caravans were as large as 12,000.[4][5] The caravans would be guided by highly paid Berbers who knew the desert and could ensure safe passage from their fellow desert nomads. The survival of a caravan was precarious and would rely on careful coordination. Runners would be sent ahead to oases so that water could be shipped out to the caravan when it was still several days away, as the caravans could not easily carry enough with them to make the full journey. In the middle of the 14th century Ibn Battuta crossed the desert from Sijilmasa via the salt mines at Taghaza to the oasis of Oualata. A guide was sent ahead and water was brought on a journey of four days from Oualata to meet the caravan.[6]
Explanation:
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First degree murder convictions typically draw the harshest sentences of any crime. As with the elements of the crime and defenses available, sentencing can vary from state to state. [ Possible sentences are outlined in state statutes, with courts deciding, sometimes within strict statutory guidelines, which sentence a convicted murderer will receive based on the facts determined in the case. ]
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This thoery says that history has an impact on the personas developed by futher generations.
<u>Explanation:</u>
According to the theory given by Stauss and Howe, historical events have an effect and impact on the recurring generational personas from one generation to the other.
Each persona of a new generation unleashes and develops a new era which might go on for the next 20 to 25 years. In this new era, new political. economical climate will exist in the society.
After the united states bought the Philippians archipelago from the Spanish in a sum of 20 million dollars, the US occupation of the Philippines has been significant for molding the nation towards its independence. One of its major proponents is American leaders like Roosevelt and Twain who granted the Philippine Islands sovereignty.
