The process that determines how bits are represented on the medium is called encoding. It is the process of converting a certain data into a particular format that is required for a certain processing need like program execution, data transmission or file conversion.
I believe that's b, i'm not 100% sure though
<u>Explanation:</u>
Note, a DoS (Denial of Service) attack is <u>different in scope from a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) </u>attack. In a DoS attack, the attack on the website's network comes from just a single source (IP address) repeatedly, while in a DDos attack several Ip addresses or sources attack the network of a website.
To trace the source of various types of packets used in a DoS attack (which of less complexity than a DDos attack), a software application like Wireshark could be used to measure trace the packets used in the attack.
HTML's to learn more go to https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/embed