The threat to instrumentation refers to the threat to validity that comes from the instrument used when collecting data. In this case, the instrument can be the one used to code the behavior and it can also be the undergraduate research assistants. I suggest that, because there is more than one undergraduate research assistant participating in the study, Dr. LaGuardia should have a meeting before with them to be clear about the behaviors they will be observing, the instrument provided for them should also be clear and should leave no place for subjectivity when coding the behaviors observed.
Through effective military strategies.
Answer:
4. by reorganizing state government
Explanation:
Answer:
Both the statements are true
Explanation:
Compliance-based ethics mainly deals with the formulation of strategies to ensure that any unlawful activity is caught. Hence, it focuses on improving control mechanisms and to identify any deviation from the normal. On the other hand, integrity-based ethics deals with the formulation of an environment in which responsibility and accountability is shared so that everyone conducts themselves in an ethical manner and feels responsible if something is found out of place. Integrity based ethical behavior improves internal check and balance as well. Hence, both statements provided here are correct.
Answer:
The answer is structured observations.
Explanation:
These type of observations do <u>not</u> require direct involvement, and the data is collected in an organised, systematic way.
The researches have a predefined behaviour they expect to observe. They might use a list of the expected actions and mark them as they observe them. This allows them to examine the reliability of their previous knowledge.