Superficial: means situated near the surface. Peripheral also means outward or near the surface. Vs. • Deep: is used to describe parts that are more internal
Answer:
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in developed countries, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. DDIs can be classify into two main groups: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In this review, using Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Reference lists we searched articles published until June 30 2012, and we described the mechanism of pharmacokinetic DDIs focusing the interest on their clinical implications.
Keywords: Absorption, adverse drug reaction, distribution, drug-drug interactions, excretion, metabolism, poly-therapy
The correct answer for this question is Osmosis.
Osmotic diuresis is an increase in urine production brought on by the presence of specific chemicals in the tiny kidney tubes. When chemicals like glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed, excretion takes place (due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance). The compounds raise the osmotic pressure inside the tubule, which causes water to be retained in the lumen and inhibits water absorption, boosting urine production (i.e., diuresis). Therapeutics like mannitol, which is used to improve urine output and decrease extracellular fluid volume, have the similar effect.
By making the blood more osmolar, substances in the circulation can also increase the volume of fluid flowing through the body.
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Deep water jogging is an alternative form of jogging recommended to patients who are injured and have chronic back pain.
Deep water jogging:
It is an exercise of slow running in the swimming pool, doing this helps in relieving the acute pain as water creates resistance on the by which makes the movement more difficult. This results in stretching of the muscles and more rapid blood flow in the body. This jogging provides benefits the same as jogging or running is done on the ground.
The person recovers from the injury very fast, athletes do this jogging to recover fast from the injury. Overweight people face a high risk of injury on the ground. So, to reduce the risk of getting injured and exercise, deep water jogging is also recommended for overweight people.
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