Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
<span>Na+, cl-, hco3-, and k+ are electrolytes. Na+ is sodium. Cl- is chloride. Hco3- is bicarbonate and k+ is potassium. Electrolytes are needed for our organs and cells to function like they should. We obtain some of these electrolytes through the food we eat, such as sodium from salt and potassium from bananas.</span>
Answer:
B. They have a single small nucleus.
Explanation:
The presence of large nucleus is a characteristic feature of cells that frequently undergo cell division. Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled continuous cell division even when the new cells are not required by the body.
This leads to the formation of benign or metastatic tumors. To undergo continuous cell division, the cancer cells have a large nucleus. The nucleus of the cancer cells is mostly hyperchromatic and distinct due to higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. It allows these cells to exhibit the uncontrolled cell division.
This is a neutral atom of chlorine.
The soil located on top of a mountain differs essentially from lowland soils due to the process of their origin and their morphological and chemical characteristics.
