Movie people are able to write up how they want a scene to look like, then they can use things like backgrounds and crops to make a visual representation of how they want their scene to look like. Authors don't have things like props and backgrounds, so they have to put a lot of detail into their writing for readers to visualize.
Answer:
I think it's had started.
I believe they are both D, Example Clues. I could be wrong though, so don’t quote me on this. I say it’s D because on number 1, they give examples of what should be “deferenced”, and similarly in number 2, they give examples of which places are “enigmatic”. Good luck!!