The gate control theory of pain states that the experience of pain is dependent on the complex interaction of the central and the peripheral nervous system. This theory was given by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall.
Usually, when a person experiences pain, the neurons transmits the message from the area of damage along the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord and the brain. The gate control theory suggests that the neurons encounter the 'nerve gates' while transmitting the pain messages in the spinal cord. These opening and closing of these gates is dependent on the multiple factors.
The basket cells are the multipolar, inhibitory interneurons . Endorphins are the neuropeptide and the peptide hormones, which are secreted by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. These structures have no relation with the transmission of the pain.
The hyperpolarization of the neurons by the opiate receptors resulting in the release of the substance P, which is a neurotransmitter involved with pain.
Hence, the correct answer is 'by releasing substance P'.
Answer:
The procedure is epidural drug administration.
Explanation:
The patient (Grace) must have suffered back pain as a result of lunar laminectomy performed on her and epidural drug administration was introduced.
In epidural drug administration, epidural injection are used to treat radicular pain from herniated discs, spinal stenosis, chemical disc, chronic pain secondary to post surgery syndrome.
The injection is given in theatre conditions.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question: Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?
A) because pyruvate is toxic to the cells
B) in order to regenerate NAD+
C) in order to use lactate in the citric acid cycle
D) because lactate is needed to produce ATP
Answer:
B) in order to regenerate NAD+
Explanation:
Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) are the aerobic stages of cellular respiration. ETC regenerates NAD+ and FAD+ by oxidation of NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and Kreb's cycle. Here, oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor.
Glycolytic reactions use NAD+ as an electron acceptor and produce NADH. Therefore, a constant supply of NAD+ is required to sustain glycolysis. In absence of oxygen, ETC cannot occur and organisms convert pyruvate into lactate. Pyruvate is reduced in lactate and NADH serves as the electron donor. Thereby, lactate fermentation regenerates NAD+ to continue the process of glycolysis.
For a monohybrid cross, you are crossing two alleles with two alleles. in a dihybrid cross, you are crossing four alleles with four alleles.
The elements that are best known for helping performers memorize an epic poem are rhyme, rhythm, and repetition of certain words.
