Answer:
Meiosis is the process of development of gamates in sexually reproducing organisms. Both males and females use meiosis to produce their gametes. In females the process of meiosis is called oogenesis as it produces oocytes which further develops into ova (eggs) and in males spermatogenesis takes place to produce sperms. Meiosis takes place in the germ cells of the organism. Meiosis is also known as reduction division as a diploid cell reduce to develop 4 haploid daughter cells. Prophase I is the initial phase of meiosis. This phase has six substages, therefore it requires more time to complete especially in oogenesis. During prophase I homologous chromosomes pair exchange their DNA this process results in chromosomal crossover. The new combination of DNA in the cross over chromosomes will be a source for genetic variations with production of new combination of allele. In metaphase I homologous pair of chromosome move together along a metaphase plate , microtubules emerge from the spindle and attach at the kinetochores near the centromere of each chromosomes. Microtubule from one side of the spindle attach to one of the chromosome in the homologous pair and that of other side attaches with other chromosome of each pair. Because of microtubules chromosome pair align at the metaphase plate (equator of the cell). The random alignment of chromosome pair at the equator plate will result in different proportion of transfer of genes from maternal and paternal chromosomes. This is the law of independent assortment, hence this will result in genetic diversity in the daughter cells.
The ovaries<span> are small, paired organs that are located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the ova and the secretion of hormones. Ovaries are the place inside the female body where ova or eggs are produced. hope that helped</span>
Answers:
a) carcinogenic
b) anti-carcinogenic
c) carcinogenic
d) carcinogenic
e) carcinogenic
f) anti-carcinogenic
g) anti-carcinogenic
h) anti-carcinogenic
Explanation:
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression through the cell cycle, i.e., the transition of G1 to S phase. It is well known that high cyclin expression may lead to cell proliferation states, which is closely associated with cancer progression. Moreover, the blockage of cyclins may have an anti-carcinogenic effect by inhibiting the progression through the cell cycle. MAP kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the progression through the cell cycle by phosphorylating a variety of substrates during cell proliferation. In consequence, phosphatases that inactivate MAPK kinases (i.e., by dephosphorylation) may have an anticarcinogenic effect. The p53 is a tumor suppressor protein involved in diverse cellular processes including DNA repair, cycle arrest and programmed cell death. This protein (p53) is activated by phosphorylation at target residues and phosphatases inactivate it, thereby the blockage of its degradation may have an anticarcinogenic effect. Oncogene activation (i.e., the expression of oncogenes), may alter diverse cellular processes including DNA replication, and thereby may lead to cancer development. The G-protein α subunit is a GTPase that hydrolyses GTP and thus has a major role in controlling the kinetics of the G-protein signaling cascade. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) are kinase receptors that play roles in regulating cellular differentiation, cell proliferation and cell growth. PDGFR receptors are present on the surface of normal cells, however, it has been shown that mutations of the PDGFR genes that lead to their high expression lead to uncontrolled cell growth and consequently cause cancer (i.e., by increasing PDGF signaling).
Answer:
Confused. Can you please include the article so i can edit this when i get a chance?
Explanation:
Changed my mind, I believe the answer is turns on. Just a guess without the article?
