In order for P. multocida to survive and carry out cellular functions (and cause infection), the energy contained in each molecu
le of glucose must be converted into ATP. This occurs via the process of chemiosmosis, which couples electron transport to ATP synthesis. This process involves the sequential transfer of elections via a series of protein complexes and carriers found in the bacterial plasma membrane. Recall that electrons move down the chain in a sequential fashion due to the increasing electronegativity of the components of the electron transport chain. Arrange the components of the electron transport chain in order from least electronegative.
a. O2
b. NADH dehydrogenase
c. Cytochrome b-c1 complex
d. Coenzyme Q
e. Cytochrome c
f. Cytochrome oxidase complex
The electron transport chain transfers electrons from donors to acceptors via redox reactions (i.e., where reduction and oxidation occur together), and couples the transfer of electrons with proton transfer (H+ ions) across the membrane. In the electron transport chain, the electrons are transferred from NADH dehydrogenase NADH to oxygen (O2) through a series of transmembrane complexes: NADH-Q oxidoreductase, Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase. In the first place, the reduced form of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) transports the electrons from the NADH-Q oxidoreductase to the Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (Cytochrome b-c1 complex). Second, the cytochrome c transports the electrons from this complex (i.e., Cytochrome b-c1 complex) to the Cytochrome oxidase complex, this being the last component in the electron transport chain that is responsible to catalyze the reduction of O2.
The organisms which appeared on earth first was bacteria.
<u>Explanation:</u>
The first-ever living organism on Earth was a bacteria known as cyanobacteria. It is believed by scientists that it first formed around 3 billion years ago.
When the Earth was first formed, it was inhospitable for a long time until 3.8 billion years ago approximately, the core cooled down and the level of oxygen had risen. This, along with photosynthesis resulted in the formation of Cyanobacteria.
These organisms were capable of carrying out the process of photosynthesis by which they prepared their food. These were known as common ancestors. All the living organisms thereafter are known to be their descendants.
Over time the pond accumulates nutrients. This enrichment process is called eutrophication. The addition of nutrients stimulates the growth of aquatic life. These organisms live and grow and die