Prepare solutions of different acid concentrations, measure 50 mililiters of each into different beakers, and place the same type of pill of the same mass into the beakers
Explanation:
Answer:
1. Metabolism of autotrophs vs. heterotrophs
- Autotrophs (also known as producers) are the organisms that can produce their own food (e.g. complex organic compounds) through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and use later on for metabolic purposes. On the other hand, heterotrophs (also known as consumers) are the organisms that cannot produce their own food rather rely on pre-existed energy sources.
- Autotrophs use simple inorganic substances such as CO2 and fix them in the presence of sunlight or other free energy sources (e.g. CO2 + H20 + Sunlight -> Glucose, H20). On the other hand, heterotrophs use complex organic compounds produced by autotrophs, breaks them into simpler inorganic compound and obtain stored energy for metabolic purposes (e.g. Glucose + H20 -> CO2 + H20 + Energy).
2. Role of ATP in metabolism
- <u>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy-carrying molecule</u> or <u>energy currency</u> of the cell because it stores chemical energy produced during cellular respiration. Furthermore, ATP is used to transport chemical energy in many important metabolic processes, for example, fermentation, photosynthesis, glycolysis, protein synthesis, etc.
- ATP consists of a five-carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base (adenine), and three phosphate groups. These three phosphate groups are attached by two phosphoanhydride bonds. The <u>phosphoanhydride bonds are high-energy bonds</u>. Energy is released when one high-energy bond break and ATP converts to Adenosine diphosphate molecule (ADP). By breaking the second high-energy bond, ADP converts to Adenosine monophosphate molecule (AMP) and more energy release. This process knows as <u>hydrolysis</u><u> because it happens in the presence of water</u>.
3. What is fermentation? What is muscle fatigue? How are these related?
<em>Fermentation: </em>Fermentation is a type of <u>energy extraction process</u> (in parallel to respiration) through which carbohydrates (energy rich molecules) are broken down into alcohol or acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically) by the action of enzymes.
There are three basic types of fermentation.
- Lactic acid fermentation
- Ethyl alcohol fermentation
- Acetic acid fermentation
<em>Muscle fatigue: </em>In humans and many other aerobic organisms, fermentation occurs during low or no supply of oxygen. Normally, respiration yields energy in these organisms. However, when oxygen supply is limited, body still struggles to generate energy in an alternative path which is defined above as fermentation. The product of this pathway (fermentation) is Lactic Acid in humans and similar animals. Muscle fatigue is the result of this phenomenon where acid accumulates within the muscles and causes fatigue. However, it is important to consider that our bodies are not mainly designed for fermentation thus energy-yielding process via fermentation happens only during forceful exercise.
<em>How fermentation and muscle fatigue are related: </em>When a person is running or exercising, his/her body needs more energy to perform metabolic reactions quickly. However, the uptake of oxygen is limited, which is why lungs respire fast. But, if oxygen is still not enough for the workout to produce sufficient energy, the body will shift to anaerobic respiration (fermentation) during which stored energy in the muscles (glycogen) will be used to yield energy. Nevertheless, this process produces lactic acid produces as an output. Lactic acid continues building around muscles and results in muscle fatigue. This phenomenon is known as a lactic acid fermentation. Therefore, muscle fatigue and Lactic acid fermentation are related to each other.
Pretty sure temperature, Celsius and Fahrenheit are both ways to measure the temperature weather it is hot or cold
Answer:
DNA damage signaling processes are essential foe regulating the G0 transition within the cell cycle.
Explanation:
Cell cycle is a process which prepares a cell for division.Cell cycle has various phases G0 phase,G1 phase,S phase,G2 phase and M phase.Each phase is specialized for its particular function.
Every phases of a cell cycle is under tight regulation of various proteins and this regulation is very much important to maintain the normal level of principle constituents of a cell.
DNA damage is detected by G1 cyclin CDK protein which transit the cell containing the damaged DNA into the G0 phase or quiescent phase for repair and if the damage cannot be repaired then the cell containing damaged DNA is targeted for destruction by ubiquitin pathway.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D
Explanation:
Stem cells are the cells which have the ability to form different types of cells. They differentiate and specializes to perform different functions in the body and thus forms the different cells.
The differentiation and specialization are controlled at the gene level by different patterns of gene expression. The pattern of gene expression is not fully understood during development but research have shown that the gene expression is influenced by the different environmental signals and internal regulators.
Thus, option-D is the correct answer.