Question

how do virtue, filial piety, and learning relate to the larger task of creating good government or harmonious society

Answer 1

Filial piety is a Chinese concept (respect for elders) so I wonder whether you mean in China, but I'll answer generally:

Respect for those who have been there before us, and learning can give us invaluable information about what has worked in the past and what hasn't, which is a good input into a good government. Also respect for elders is also a good basis for a harmonious society.