Answer:
I can only answer 8 and 9
8. desertification
9.geothermal energy
The forced assimilation of Germans in Brazil around World War II resulted in "an increase in German celebrations and customs," since this tends to be the case wherever German immigration is strong.
Answer:
the Royal Society was founded in 1660 to bring together leading scientific minds of the day, and became an international network for practical and philosophical investigation of the physical world. Today, it's the world's oldest national scientific academy.
Probably the religion of Iberia since the days of Rome: Roman Catholicism
Some benefits are a strong nation, strong leaders, and some complications are having the president you don't want in office.