Answer:
All net income, less all dividends, since the company began operations.
Explanation:
Retained Earnings are the retained profits that the company keeps with itself, for meeting any case of emergency or for growing company and thus, meeting the growing expenses.
Each year when company earns profits and then, it distributes its profits in the form of dividends, the balance remaining after paying the dividends is added to retained earnings.
Thus, the entire balance of these kind of profits not paid anywhere else and also not utilized is called retained earnings.
Or think about it it’s easy
Answer with Explanation:
The decision making under the conditions of uncertainty:
Uncertainty is an unquantifiable outcome of a decision that can not be mathematically modeled whereas risk is a quantifiable outcome of a decision that can be mathematically modeled.
The expected value method helps in decision making related to uncertainty are making prudent estimates of cash flow by using expected value.
Expected value considers every outcome under uncertainty and computes all of the expected value for each outcome. The outcome that gives highest expected value is said to be best case and likewise the outcome that gives lowest expected value is said to be worst case.
Suppose that two projects gives the same expected value, then the decision will be based on the degree of uncertainty which means the project that has lowest uncertainty of returns will be our choice.
The deviation of the expected value from required return on a project can be measured as a Degree of uncertainty that helps in understanding to what extent the return will be not as per the expectation. The Precise Measurement of uncertainty can be calculated by inclusion of standard deviation to estimate expected value of the decision taken.
The expected money value is the monetary value that a particular decision will generate. In expected monetary value the decision is based on the weighted average of best case and worst case. The value derived is average thus the standard deviation would be very low which means that the calculation was precise. Decision trees are used in precise measurement of cash flow related to each expected outcome and deriving a weighted average value.
Answer: Option (c) is correct.
Explanation:
Given that,
Price elasticity of demand = 0.5
Percentage increase in price = 8%
Price elasticity of demand = 
0.5 = 
Percentage change in quantity demanded = 0.5 × 8
= 4%
Therefore, if the price rises by 8% then as a result quantity demanded decreases by 4%.
Answer:
group polarization
Explanation:
Group polarization: In social psychology, the term "group polarization" is described as the propensity for a specific group to make a few decisions that are considered as more extreme as compared to the initial inclination of the group's members. However, group polarization occurs either in the direction of conservativeness or riskiness.
In the question above, the given statement represents group polarization.
