Answer:
Basically, Transcription occurs in the three steps—initiation, elongation, and termination—all shown here.
Step 1: Initiation. Initiation is the beginning of transcription. ...
Step 2: Elongation. Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand.
Step 3: Termination.
Carbon and hydrogen is the most abundant elements, respectively, in proteins.
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
<span>The generally accepted parts of modern cell theoryinclude: All known living things are made up of one or more cells. All living cells arise from pre-existing cellsby division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms</span>
<span>QUESTION 1
The phenotype produced from a pair of alleles Rr is determined by the dominant allele.
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QUESTION 2
<span>
Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that causes the breakdown of brain tissue starting during middle age. Huntington's is inherited by anyone carrying a dominant allele. Which of the following genotypes is LEAST likely to have Huntington's disease?
Answer: </span>hh<span>
QUESTION 3
The two copies of a gene inherited from each parent in animal cells are called alleles.
QUESTION 4
In pea plants the allele for tall is dominant to the allele for short. What would be the phenotype of the parents of this cross?
Answer: tall
QUESTION 5
The ability to roll the tongue in humans is coded by the dominant allele R. The inability to roll the tongue is coded by the recessive allele r. A man with an RR allele combination for the trait produces a zygote with a woman with an rr allele combination for the trait. Which allele combination could occur in the zygote?
Answer: Rr
QUESTION 6
Tay–Sachs disease is caused by a recessive lethal allele, meaning that individuals that are homozygous recessive (tt) will have the disease and die before they are able to have offspring. Two parents that are heterozygous (Tt) carriers for Tay–Sachs want to have children. What are the chances that their children will get Tay-Sachs disease?
The possible phenotypes for the children are TT, Tt, Tt, and tt. Therefore, there is a 1/4 chance that their children will get the disease.
Answer: 25%
</span>QUESTION 7
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that affects mucus cells in the lungs. The disease affects only those individuals that have a homozygous recessive genotype (ff). Two individuals that are heterozygous carriers for the disease decide to have children. What are the chances that one of their children will have Cystic Fibrosis?
Answer: 25%
<span>QUESTION 8
Hemophilia is a recessive, X-linked genetic disorder. If a male child is born with hemophilia and neither the mother nor the father has hemophilia, which of the following statements is most likely true?
Females have two X chromosomes while males have one, so it is more likely that the mother carried the recessive gene.
Answer: The mother is the carrier.
QUESTION 9
Hemophilia is an X–linked recessive disorder. If you cross a normal male with a hemophiliac female, what will be the probability of having hemophiliac children?
The parents have phenotypes with hh (mother) and HH (father), and have the potential of having offspring with the following phenotype: Hh. Therefore, the dominant allele in the father will prevent the offspring from having hemophiliac children.
Answer: 0%
QUESTION 10
Can a male be a carrier for a sex-linked disease?
Answer: No, males have only a single copy of sex-linked genes.
</span>Hope this helps!