Answer: James II was the last English (in Scotland James VII) king of Stuart dynasty. He was a second king after the Restoration of monarchy. Stuart dynasty was of Scottish origin and therefore Catholic, whereas England was a Protestant country. When his older brother and king Charles II died (February 1685), James became quite popular. Because his heir was his daughter Mary was a Protestant, he tried to obtain civil equality and religious freedom for his fellow Catholics. However, mass conversion (something he expected) failed to materialise. Situation changed when his son was born (June 1688) - it heralded Catholic succession. Reaction ? Two Whig and two Tory politicians (so-called "Immortal Seven") invited James´ son-in-law, protestant Dutch standholder, William of Orange to intervene and to restore "ancient laws and liberties". The result was "Glorious Revolution".
Explanation: James fled to France because his support evaporated. Power vacuum resulted. In February 1789 declared that James II had abdicated. Neither him nor his sons were able to return and restore Stuart monarchy.
Kennedy’s close advisers believed that Eisenhower’s foreign policy establishment was stultified, slow moving, overly reliant on brinksmanship and massive retaliation, and complacent. Their fear was that after eight years, the State Department would be unable to implement their new international vision. The new President was determined to control foreign policy through a young and energetic White House and NSC staffers who would make their own informal contacts within the foreign affairs bureaucracy. Furthermore, Kennedy thought that Eisenhower and Secretaries Dulles and Herter had all but ceded the newly emerging states in Latin America, Asia, and Africa to the communists.
