Tonicity is a comparative term that has no units. It is frequently used when describing what happens in the cell volume at equilibrium. Tonicity always compares a solution and a cell, and it is used to describe only a solution. Tonicity is related to its osmolarity. There are three terms, hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic that used to compare the extracellular fluid around.
Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by the β-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It has an important effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by promoting the absorption of glucose present in the blood by fat cells, liver cells and those of skeletal muscles.
Insulins reduce blood sugar by a double action:
- by stimulating the peripheral uptake of glucose, in particular by skeletal muscle (by promoting the synthesis of glucogen) and adipose tissue (by promoting the synthesis of lipids).
- by inhibiting the hepatic production of glucose. This shows that the action of insulin on the hepatocytes is different from that of other cells.
To explain these differences, we must address notions of genetics, and more specifically epigenetics: All these cells have the same genome (identical DNA), but the expression of the latter in the different cells are very different. For example, for adipocytes, the expression of the enzymes involved in lipogenesis is favored, whereas the expression of the enzymes of glucogenogenesis is favored in the muscle cells, and in the liver there is a genetic overexpression of the enzymes of neoglucogenesis.
it becomes how much of the plant is composed of non-cellular material, like wood. Trees are usually between 60 and 80% water, bushier, less woody plants and water plants can be up to 95% water. Finally, as pointed out, humans are animals, so go with the animal stats for humans. 68% water about average.
Weather is short term like a storm or snow. Climate is permanent. Like how a states climate is. Take an example Florida is warm that’s climate.