Two very particular issues drove Reagan's political conversion: fiscal policy and anti-communism. In the late 1940s, Reagan was facing the end of his career as a movie actor and was finding less and less work. He was upset because he felt that he had only a short window to maximize his earnings and ensure his future financial security and that the present 90% top marginal rate was unreasonable.
Reagan's experience as a board member and later president of the Screen Actors Guild also moved him politically rightward. In this professional capacity he dealt with a strike by a set builder union backed by communist sympathizers.
Public policy in the United States is shaped by a wide variety of forces, from polls and election results to interest groups and institutions, both formal and informal. In addition to political parties, the influence of diverse and sometimes antagonistic political forces has been widely acknowledged by policymakers and evidenced by scholars, and journalists. In recent years concerns have been growing that deep-pocketed donors now play an unprecedented role in American politics — concerns supported by 2013 research from Harvard and the University of Sydney that found that for election integrity, the U.S. ranked 26th out of 66 countries analyzed.
The question of who shapes public policies and under what conditions is a critical one, particularly in the context of declining voter turnout. From both a theoretical and practical point of view, it is important to understand if voters still have the possibility of providing meaningful input into public policies, or if the government bypasses citizens in favor of economic elites and interest groups with strong fundraising and organizational capacity.
Answer:
Standard Oil became a horizontal integration monopoly because it owned ninety percent of US oil refineries. It became a monopoly because it bought almost all of the competitors so that it managed to control almost all oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the United States.
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