Answer:
second division nondisjunction
Explanation:
Answer:
P = f(TLTL) = 0,16
H = f(TLTS) = 0,48
Q = f(TSTS) = 0,36
Explanation:
Hello!
The allele proportion of any locus defines the genetic constitution of a population. Its sum is 1 and its values can vary between 0 (absent allele) and 1 (fixed allele).
The calculation of allelic frequencies of a population is made taking into account that homozygotes have two identical alleles and heterozygotes have two different alleles.
In this case, let's say:
f(TL) = p
f(TS) = q
p + q = 1
Considering the genotypes TLTL, TLTS, TSTS, and the allele frequencies:
TL= 0,4
TS= 0,6
Genotypic frequency is the relative proportion of genotypes in a population for the locus in question, that is, the number of times the genotype appears in a population.
P = f(TLTL)
H = f(TLTS)
Q = f(TSTS)
Also P + H + Q = 1
And using the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the genotypic frequencies of equilibrium are given by the development of the binomial:
So, if the population is in balance:
Replacing the given values of allele frecuencies in each equiation you can calculate the expected frequency of each genotype for the next generation as:
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Example of selective breeding: Cows that produce lots of milk. Selective breeding to create more useful varieties of animals and plants is a form of biotechnology that human beings have used for thousands of years. Biotechnology includes any use of science or technology to alter the characteristics of a particular breed or animal.
Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
