The U.S. Bureau<span> of Refugees, </span>Freedmen<span> and Abandoned Lands, popularly known as the </span>Freedmen's Bureau<span>, was established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War (1861-65).</span>
It is true that cyclical theories view civilizations as going through a process of birth, youth, maturity, decline, and death. A cycle is something that starts at the beginning, and ends at the ending, and then repeats itself all over again.
1) The Phoenicians brought alphabetic writing to Europe: they adapted their alphabet from the Egyptians and later the Greek adopted it from then, and the Roman from the Greek and we use the Roman script today.
2) The Phoenicians advanced navigation and passed this knowledge further
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