Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
Actively participate, use good listening skills, follow group guidelines
The correct answer is D) Local leaders used bribery to gain power to challenge the throne.
A series of weak emperors affected the Han dynasty in that local leaders used bribery to gain power to challenge the throne.
However, we have to consider that the collapse of the Hang Dynasty in ancient China was the combination of several factors, not just one.
Of course, weak and bad rulers did not have the leadership and vision to maintain the privileged economic and political situation that inherited. Bu also corruption and bribes. There was also the empress's influence in decisions and the eunuchs that lived in the court that considered that they were too young to be the emperors. And of course, let's not forget the importance and consequences of the Yellow Turban Revolt, a peasant rebellion in the year 184.
Answer: "social proof" .
______________________________________________
