NADPH is a reduced form of NADP+. The latter features an extra hydrogen ion in its chemical structure. When NADP+ transforms into NADPH, the other hydrogen ion is released as part of the reaction while the other hydrogen ion becomes a part of the NADPH structure.
A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.
Both glycerophospholipids and sphingolipid structures are asymmetrically distributed in the two layers of the phospholipid bilayer. Sphingolipids are membrane lipids that have a ceramide backbone while glycerophospholipid has glycerol present in its membrane lipids. Sphingolipids may or may not be present.
