Is there anymore background info?
<span>c. 1st: Russia
2nd: Germany
3rd: France
4th: Great Britain
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Answer:
The 15th through the 18th centuries involved major changes in Jewish life in Europe. The conflicts, controversies, and crises of the period impacted Jews as much is it did other Europeans, albeit perhaps with different outcomes. In social, economic, and even intellectual life Jews faced challenges similar to those of their Christian neighbors, and often the solutions developed by both to tackle these problems closely resembled each other. Concurrently, Jewish communal autonomy and cultural tradition—distinct in law according to its own corporate administration, distinct in culture according to its own set of texts and traditions—unfolded according to its own intrinsic rhythms, which, in dialogue with external stimuli, produced results that differed from the society around it. The study of Jewish life in this period offers a dual opportunity: on the one hand, it presents a rich source base for comparison that serves as an alternate lens to illuminate the dominant events of the period while, on the other hand, the Jewish experience represents a robust culture in all of its own particular manifestations. Faced with these two perspectives, historians of the Jews are often concerned with examining the ways in which Jews existed in separate and distinct communities yet still maintained contact with their surroundings in daily life, commercial exchanges, and cultural interaction. Further, historians of different regions explore the ways that Jews, as a transnational people, shared ties across political frontiers, in some cases, whereas, in others cases, their circumstances resemble more closely their immediate neighbors than their coreligionists abroad. Given these two axes of experience—incorporation and otherness—the periodization of Jewish history resists a neat typology of Renaissance and Reformation. And yet, common themes—such as the new opportunities afforded by the printing press, new modes of thought including the sciences, philosophy, and mysticism, and the emergence of maritime economic networks— firmly anchor Jewish experiences within the major trends of the period and offer lenses for considering Jews of various regions within a single frame of reference. To build a coherent survey of this period as a whole, this article uses the major demographic upheavals of the 14th and 15th centuries and the subsequent patterns of settlement, as the starting point for mapping this period. These are followed by significant cultural developments, both of Jewish interaction with its non-Jewish contexts, the spaces occupying a more “internal” Jewish character, and of those boundary crossers and bridges of contact that traversed them before turning to the upheavals and innovations of messianic and millenarian movements in Judaism.
Answer:
The correct answer to the question: Which of the following is a criticism of globalization? would be, B: Diminished sovereignity of governments.
Explanation:
In general terms, globalizarion has had good, but also really bad, effects. On the good side of it, globalization has made the world a much smaller place, with much more in common between its inhabitants than there ever was. As such, and thanks to technological advancement and the erasing of certain boundaries which prevented people from different regions from interacting actively, people today from one end of the earth can interact, befriend, and get to know people from the other end. Cultures have also become mixed with one another, erasing certain limitations and boundaries that did not permit interrelationships before. However, globalization has also had its downsides. One of them, unquestionably, has been the loss of sovereignity and even national identity. Due to an exaggerated number of treaties and agrements, all in the name of globalization, and being part of the global village, countries have become tied to the global opinion, and the global interference, especially of those countries who are the most powerful and dominant in the group.
Answer:
The navigational tools provided were inaccurate, Financial risks, and the explorers only had limited knowledge of the geography of the world, so the possibility of them getting lost was high.
