It has been challenging to develop methods for outer-membrane(OM) isolation from <em>Leptospira</em> species and other spirochetes due to their distinctive design and a lack of sensitive cytoplasmic membrane indicators.
Spirochetes have an OM and a cytoplasmic membrane, which are divided by a periplasmic space, just like enteric gram-negative bacteria.The leptospiral OM contains a significant amount of LPS, and the leptospiral surface is dominated by its polysaccharides.
LipL32, LipL36, and LipL41 are three lipoproteins from the leptospiral OM.
Since LipL32 is an immunodominant antigen during human leptospirosis, it is recognized to be the most prominent protein in the leptospiral protein profile. OmpL1 and LipL41 together offer synergistic immunoprotection. LipL41 is a surface-exposed lipoprotein.
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Answer:
a. 1/2 b. The organism is an animal
Explanation:
a. What is the medullary index for an organism that has a medulla width of 2cm and hair shaft width 4cm?
Medullary index = diameter of medulla/diameter of hair.
Given that diameter of medulla = medulla width = 2cm and diameter of hair = hair shaft width = 4cm,
Medullary index = diameter of medulla/diameter of hair = 2 cm/4cm = 1/2
b. Is this organism human or animal?
Since the medullary index = 1/2 > 1/3 (if it is ≤ 1/3 it is human hair and ≥ 1/2 it is animal hair), it is animal hair. So, the organism is an animal.
The common function of antennae in arthropod is to smell
Explanation
Antennae are a long sensory appendages on the head of insects, crustaceans and some arthropods. They are usually covered with alfactory receptors that can detect odor molecules in the air that is the sense of smell, therefore they are the noise of insects and some arthropods
Cellular respiration<span> enables the cell to produce 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule in addition to the 2 ATP molecules obtained from glycolysis. ... </span>Compare the energy flow in photosynthesis to the energy flow in cellular respiration<span>.</span>
Answer: left subclavian vein, right subclavian vein
Explanation: The thoracic duct carrying lymph empties into a large vein which is located at the left side of the neck. Its called the left subclavian vein. Also the right subclavian vein empties into a large vein found in the right side of the neck, itz called the right subclavian vein.
