The correct answer is (d). Mini’s father and the Cabuliwallah have in common the fact that they both are fathers and have special relationship with their daughters. In “The Cabuliwallah”, the short story written by Rabindranath Tagore, are show various human relationships, with emphasis on father – daughter relationship. In the beginning of the story, narrator shows his affection, effort to make his daughter Mini happy and satisfy her curiosity. When the Cabuliwallah, who left his wife and daughter in Kabul and came to Calcutta for work, comes to their home, he gains a chance to think of his own daughter while spending time with Mini. These relationships show the universality of father – daughter relation.

8 0

3 years ago

Nicolas has autistic disorder and is mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he

garri49 [273]

Answer:

Shaping

Explanation:

In psychology, shaping refers to the process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations to a desired terminal behavior.

Shaping has different stages:

Reinforce any response that in some way resembles the desired behavior.
Reinforce the response that closely approximates the desired behavior
Reinforce the response that resembles the terminal behavior even more closely.
Continue reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the terminal behavior
Reinforce only the terminal behavior.

As you can see shaping starts by reinforcing any response that resembles the desired terminal behavior and then it finishes by reinforcing only the terminal behavior.

In this example, the therapist initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. Then he only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words. Finally, he would get the chocolate for saying complete sentences.

Thus, this is an example of shaping, since the reinforcements where changing as the behavior got closer and closer to the terminal desired behavior.

8 0

3 years ago