Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Is it a question or an answer
Answer:
The frequency of the Y allele is 0.7
The frequency of the y allele is 0.3
The frequency of the YY homozygote is 0.49
The frequency of the Yy heterozygote is 0.42
Explanation:
According to Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium,
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where,
p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
p² = frequency of dominant homozygous genotype
2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype
q² = frequency of recessive homozygous genotype
Here,
yy = q² = 0.09
frequency of y allele = q = √0.09 = 0.3
frequency of Y allele = p = 1-q = 1-0.3 = 0.7
p² = YY = (0.7)² = 0.49
2pq = Yy = 2 * 0.7 * 0.3 = 0.42
The B.genetic diversity because, variation is diversity so it would be between b and d but genotype has to deal with the genetic code leaving B.
The question on this specific query is rather confusing however, in trying to explain human population has grown into a massive populace which can be called overpopulation which in sense causes a specie to be invasive in an ecosystems and more biosystems.
