This is likely King John. In 1215 the Magna Carta was signed which limited the power of kings over his subjects. This granted people certain rights and is marked as the first point of this in English History.
Here's an excerpt from Wiki-pedia:
"Magna Carta Libertatum<span> (</span>Medieval Latin<span> for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called </span>Magna Carta<span> (also </span>Magna Charta; "(the) Great Charter"),[a]<span> is a </span>charter<span> agreed to by </span>King John of England<span> at </span>Runnymede<span>, near </span>Windsor, on 15 June 1215.[b]<span>First drafted by the </span>Archbishop of Canterbury<span> to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel </span>barons<span>, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on </span>feudal<span> payments to </span>the Crown<span>, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons."</span>
The severe Russian winter was the major reason for Napoleon's defeat during his invasion of Russia in 1812.
I have a feeling legislative.
