The answer is B. Muslims, Christians, and Jews all wanted to control the Holy Land for their own religion.
Perhaps in the Civil War era, the Dred Scott decision angered Abolitionists as the Supreme Court declared African Americans could not be a US citizen as they were not mentioned as as in the Constitution and that Congress abused their power by abolishing Slavery above the Mason Dixon line and in the New Western territories.
Northerners and famously Fredrick Douglass denounced the court ruling.<span />
"Greeks" is the one civilization among the following choices given in the question that had a cyclical view of history. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the first option. It was during the time of the roman Empire that this kind of <span>cyclical view of history can be detected. I hope it helps you.</span>
An economic downturn.
http://factsanddetails.com/russia/History/sub9_1f/entry-4990.html
The Soviet Union turned a rural, agrarian society into one of the largest economic powerhouses in the world. The breakup greatly effected it.