1. 
where in a population:
p - the frequency of the <em>A</em> allele
q - the frequency of the <em>a</em> allele
- the frequency of the <em>AA</em> homozygous genotype
- the frequency of the <em>aa</em> homozygous genotype
2pq - the frequency of the <em>Aa</em> heterozygous genotype
A population at equilibrium will have the sum of all the alleles at the locus equal to 1.
2. Conditions:
A. The breeding population must be large
B. No natural selection
C. The mating must occur randomly
D. No mutations to cause changes in allelic frequency.
E. No changes in allelic frequency due to immigration or emigration.
3. By comparing the actual genetic structure of a population with what we would expect from a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can determine how much it deviates from the baseline provided by the mathematical model. Depending on how large the deviation is, one or more of the model's assumptions are being violated. Thus, we can attempt to determine which one.
→ Darwin believed that the need to adapt, in similar words, the changes occruing in the environment caused evolution.
The main cause of evolution, according to Darwin, was natural selection. Natural selection is a process in which a group of organisms with certain characteristics survive and thrive, in comparison to other organisms with different characteristics. This idea basically means that having some characteristics makes you suited for an environment.
And how would that ↑ explain Evolution?
Well, evolution is the change in species that occurs during time. But for you to change, there must be a cause for that change, which is none other than the need to survive, reproduce, etc.
→ As mentioned before, not all characteristics are enough to surive, and hopefully the image pasted below will help you.
Hope it helped,
BioTeacher101
Answer:
A coral reef can be described as an ecosystem of the ocean which is made up by reef-building corals. Coral reefs benefit the environment in a number of ways, one of them is protecting the shoreline. <em><u>Coral reefs tend to absorb most of the waves from the ocean and so help the coastline from erosion. It reduces the chances of ocean water waves to destroy the crops and buildings nearby and hence prevents erosion. </u></em>
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Asexual reproduction that produces a zygote
Answer:
vulcanized rubber
Explanation:
The best material for this purpose is vulcanized rubber. Jogging strollers have wider bases and larger wheels to stabilize them, and these wheels must be durable in order to withstand the stresses introduced during the high speed movement.
