Answer: C. A Muslim Ruler with absolute power would be called a "Sultan".
I would say that the best theme to address those key points listed, would be: A. Feeling hopeless is unreasonable when faced with challenges. In other words, we shouldn't feel as if the end of that world is at hand, just because challenges and tests come our way. That is to be expected. Hope that helps.
It would be called its definition.
I think the answer is ethos
