They were angry at the use of the new machines. Luddites were enraged that they have spent years learning their craft and developing skills in weaving, sewing, etc. The new machines could do this quicker and with less mistakes and were beginning to replace people who spent all their live to learn this trade. So they destroyed the machines and burned factories.
The umbra is right by the moon so this would be a complete dark sphere with no kind of detail or any real textures whatsoever. The penumbra is in a spot where the sun's light overtakes the moon so you would be blinded by light.