What two bodily functions are increased by a warm-up?

1. The correct answer is a.
Neurons communicate using action potentials, that travel down neurons using an electrochemical cascade. These action potentials are mediated by changes in the polarity of the cell membrane. At the beginning of the action potential, the Na+ channels open and this causes an influx of Na+ into the nerve cell, triggering, in turn, the depolarization of the membrane.

2. The correct answer is b.
The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) is a process involved in cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondria and involves the transformation of Acetyl coA to molecules, that will then be used to create ATP (the energy molecule). Acetyl coA goes through several chemical transformations and the energy released is transferred to NAD and FAD. In a process before the Krebs cycle, Pyruvate (produced by glycolysis) forms the acetyl coA. Therefore, pyruvate does not intervene in the Krebs cycle.

3. The correct answer is b.
The neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse connecting a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. The signal transmitted from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber triggers the muscle contraction. The process is mediated partly through ion channel linked receptors. When acetylcholine (the ligand) binds to the receptor, the ion channel part of the receptor opens and this produces an influx of ions intracellularly.

4. The correct answer is c.
Cystic fibrosis is a inherited disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also other organs of the body, such as the liver and the pancreas. It is caused by a mutation in the CTFR gene. This gene encodes a protein that is a chloride ion channel and is responsible for the movement of water in and out of the cells. The mutations in this gene result in a disruption of this ion channel, causing a change in the consistency of the mucus and sweat produced by the organism.

5. The correct answer is d.
The CTFR protein (the product of the CTFR gene) is a chloride ion channel regulated by cAMP. This ion channel is activated by phosphorylation, caused by cAMP - dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA needs to bind two cAMP in order to be activated and able to phosphorylate other proteins.

4 0

3 years ago

Answers can be in bullet points

Alex787 [66]

Answer:

The World Health Organization (WHO) embraces a definition of health as “physical, mental, and

social well-being”. Of these elements, mental well-being historically has been misunderstood and

often forgotten. WHO has spent the last five years actively addressing the barriers that prevent

access to mental health care and campaigning for the full incorporation of mental health in worldwide public health. Thanks greatly to their hard work, mental health now ranks as a priority within

the international health and development agenda. Governments across the world and health professionals across the disciplines are now more aware of the importance of mental health issues to

the overall health of individuals, communities, cities, and even entire nations.

Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice clarifies the concept of mental

health promotion and is a potent tool for guiding public officials and medical professionals in

addressing the behavioural health needs of their societies. It presents striking evidence that there

is a strong link between the protection of basic civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights

of people and their mental health. In these times, when conflicts between individuals and communities are on the increase and economic disparities are widening, this message is especially

relevant. Good mental health goes hand in hand with peace, stability and success, and Promoting

Mental Health presents a powerful case for including mental health promotion in the public

health policies of all countries.

WHO recognizes that besides the vital need for expanding services to those who currently receive

none, prevention of mental disorders and vigorous promotion of healthy behaviours are critical

for decreasing the international burden of mental illnesses and for helping people to realize their

full potential. WHO’s efforts include international reviews of scientific evidence for interventions;

wide dissemination of evidence, particularly in lower and middle income countries; and assisting

governments and non-governmental organizations in using the evidence to develop actual programmes.

Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice emphasizes that everyone has

a role and responsibility in mental health promotion and encourages integrated participation

from a variety of sectors such as education, work, environment, urban planning and community

development as the best way to make the most positive improvement in people’s mental health.

It appropriately focuses on resource-poor settings; however, money is not the key determinant to

ensure good mental health. Awareness and active involvement by each member of the community often have the greatest impact.

I congratulate WHO on this excellent work and urge policy-makers the world over to use this

important information to effect real improvement in the mental health and well-being for all their

people.

Rosalynn Carter

Chair, Mental Health Task Force

The Carter Center

Atlanta, Georgia

USA

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3 years ago