Was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony.
Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630
and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years. His
writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.
The Two important factors highlighted by 14 Points were:-
- Wilson's ideas regarding nations' conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas
- and free trade and the concept of national self-determination, for colonized people.
<u>What was the purpose of Fourteen points by Woodrow Wilson?</u>
The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
The Points, are summarized below.
- 1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
- 2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
- 3. Equal trade conditions
- 4. Decrease armaments among all nations
- 5. Adjust colonial claims
- 6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
- 7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
- 8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
- 9. Readjust Italian borders
- 10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
- 11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Romania, Serbia and Montenegro
- 12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
- 13. Creation of an independent Polish state
- 14. Creation of the League of Nations
<u>What political mistakes did Wilson make that hurt the chances of this plan?</u>
- Isolationists believed that getting involved in the League of Nations would strip American leaders of their ability to make decisions to protect U.S. interests. Wilson was unable to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June of 1919 because the U.S. Senate had not yet approved the treaty.
- Wilson's arrogance toward Congress and his refusal to compromise had a lot to do with that. He failed to recognize that he couldn't control his allies, he couldn't control the losers, and he couldn't control Congress.
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The Umayyad Caliphate was an Islamic Empire with its capital in Damascus, and it was characterized by the importance given to Arab citizens, who were considered as first-class citizens, while other ethnicities were considered second-class citizens, even though they were Muslims as well. This division among the population brought discontent among different groups, like Persians and Kurdish, who wanted to have access to political and social privileges. For this reason, the Abbasid dynasty took advantage of these groups who opposed the Umayyad and organized a conspiracy in Kufa, in the Eastern region of the empire, in order to seize control of the Caliphate. They succeeded in their military campaign, established the Abbasid Caliphate, and moved the capital to Baghdad. With the Abbasid Caliphate, a great cultural movement started in the Islamic world for centuries, known as the Islamic golden age.