I am pretty sure it is d.
land routes were closed off by Ottoman Turks
The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in 1863 for the North, During the American Civil War Between the North (Union) and South (Confederacy)
Answer:
Explanation:
Charles Martle-2nd mayor "Little Hammer" son of Pepin of Heristal and 2nd mayor of palace. He contributes a renaissance to the merovichian dynasty and Frankish world. via bishops, monasteries with libraries that bring great prestige. when king died, does not find a new clovis and mayor only.
Pepin the Short-mayor becomes 1st Christian/Frankish King-son of Charles Martel, Charlemagne's father, he wanted to find a king, asked the pope "he who has the power is King" and pope agrees , he extended his lands and he protected pope from Lombards, St. Boniface as pope's representative anointed and crowned Pepin as Christian king
Charlemagne-Son of Pepin the Short/king Pepin II, ruled the kingdom. He built an empire great than ever. He fought Muslims in Spain and tribes from Germanic Kingdoms. He scattered Christianity and reunited western Europe.
Vikings-Invaders of Europe that came from Gotland Island, Scandinavia.
Clovis-Clovis was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.
