William the Conqueror was important because he established feudalism in Europe.
be successful in a large, diverse society
I would assume the assume is TRUE considering Pearl Harbor was undefended and unable to retaliate.
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Liberty , and the pursuit of happiness
This is called "strict constructionism".
It means that the federal government should apply only what is written in the Constitution and in the way that it is written. There would be no searching for hidden meanings or anything similar.