This question has to do with opposite forms of regular adjectives by adding prefixes such as il, in, im, ir, etc. So here they are:
1. illaudable = not worthy of praise; opposite of laudable, which is worthy of praise
2. illiterate = unable to read or write; opposite of literate, which is able to read or write
3. invincible = cannot be conquered; this adjective does not exist without the prefix
4. encoded = locked in code form; means the same as coded
5. illogical = not making good sense; opposite of logical, which means to make sense
6. impatiently = not willing to wait; opposite of patiently, which means willing to wait
7. indoctrinate = to give teaching or instruction to another; this verb doesn't have its opposite
8. irresistible = not able to stand against; opposite of resistible
9. irresponsible = not someone to be depended upon; opposite of responsible, or reliable
10. irrelevant = does not apply; opposite of relevant
Compared to smile or grin, smirk has a more negative connotation that emphasizes Nigel enjoyed causing trouble for his twin.
Certain processes, models, questions, and ideas are applied by the reader, resulting in improved clarity and comprehension. When a reader "skims" a text, the reader just sees the surface qualities and information.
The sociology of culture and, the related, cultural sociology concerns the systematic analysis of culture, usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a members of a society, as it is manifested in the society. For Georg Simmel, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field is analyzed as the ways of thinking and describing, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life.
Contemporary sociologists' approach to culture is often divided between a "sociology of culture" and "cultural sociology" - the terms are similar, though not interchangeable.[1] The sociology of culture is an older concept, and considers some topics and objects as more-or-less "cultural" than others. By way of contrast, Jeffrey C. Alexander introduced the term "cultural sociology," an approach that sees all, or most, social phenomena as inherently cultural at some level.[2] For instance, a leading proponent of the "strong program" in cultural sociology, Alexander argues: "To believe in the possibility of cultural sociology is to subscribe to the idea that every action, no matter how instrumental, reflexive, or coerced vis-a-vis its external environment, is embedded to some extent in a horizon of affect and meaning."[3] In terms of analysis, sociology of culture often attempts to explain some discretely cultural phenomena as a product of social processes, while cultural sociology sees culture as a component of explanations of social phenomena.[4] As opposed to the field of cultural studies, cultural sociology does not reduce all human matters to a problem of cultural encoding and decoding. For instance, Pierre Bourdieu's cultural sociology has a "clear recognition of the social and the economic as categories which are interlinked with, but not reducible to, the cultural."<span>[5]</span>