A rapid lateral flow immunoassay is presented that uses carboxyl-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles as labels that can be quantified by highly sensitive multi-channel electronic readers. The approach is generic in that it is likely to be applicable to numerous small molecules. The method permits both single- and multiplex assays at a point-of-need without sample pretreatment. It is user-friendly and offers attractive characteristics demonstrated here for detection of morphine, fentanyl and methamphetamine in . The competitive immunoassay uses commercially available reagents that do not require special permissions. After migration of sample, the lateral flow test strips are subjected to an alternating magnetic field at two frequencies. The response from the nanolabels is readout at a combinatorial frequency from the entire volume of a porous immunochromatographic membrane by the magnetic particle quantification technique.
application to the determination of drugs of abuse.
Estimating the detection time of a drug in urine is complex because of many different influencing factors and the lack of experimental data. Detection times vary depending on dose and route of administration, metabolism and characteristics of the screening and confirmation assays. Using a cut-off value of 1000 ng/mL, urinary samples can be positive for amphetamine for up to 5 days after intake of the drug.
Friction always opposes motion.
<span>Whether it be through air resistance, or simple surface friction, the speed of a moving body always decreases when some frictional force acts on it. For objects sliding on a surface, friction is less than for objects at rest on the same surface
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The unicellular and multicellular organism are different in asexual and sexual mode of reproduction.
The reproduction is the phenomenon which involves the production of an offspring by particular individuals or individuals to propagate there species. Reproduction are of two types:
1. Asexual reproduction: In asexual reproduction, they does not involve the fusion of gametes. The unicellular organism reproduce mainly by binary fission. In this, a single cell divides into two daughter cell. The daughter cell completely resembles their parent. It involves only one parent.
2. Sexual reproduction: In sexual reproduction, there is a fusion of gametes that brings changes in genetic combination. The germ cell undergoes meiosis that produces haploid gametes that fuse to form new individuals. It involves either one or two parents.
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The length would be 2, the width would be 2, and the height would be 2. The formula for volume is length x width x height. So, you would multiply 2 x 2 x 2. The answer would be 8 micrometers cubed.
I don’t understand Spanish so I can’t help u
