Channels, when they open, just allow the molecule to pass through. With a pump, it requires energy, and will move it in a certain direction. They move rapidly into the cell via protein molecules.
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A single motor neuron together with all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is called a motor unit.
- Motor neurons are more than just relays for the motor commands sent down the hierarchy from higher levels. They themselves are parts of intricate circuits that carry out extensive information processing.
- Due to their highly branching, intricate dendritic trees, motor neurons are able to integrate inputs from several other neurons and generate accurate outputs.
- A single motor neuron, and nothing else, innervates each and every muscle fiber (make sure you understand the difference between a muscle and a muscle fiber). However, several muscle fibers can be innervated by a single motor neuron.
- A motor unit is the aggregate of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates. The innervation ratio refers to how many fibers a motor unit innervates.
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It is true that all GAL structural genes have UAS elements in their enhancer regions.
UAS elements can be found in the enhancer regions of every GAL structural gene. An enhancer is a short portion of DNA (50–1500 bp) that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood of a particular gene being transcribed.
The GAL4-UAS system is a biochemical technique used to investigate gene expression and function in fruit flies. Two parts make up the system: the Gal4 protein, which is an activator of transcription in yeast, and the UAS (Upstream Activation Sequence), which is an enhancer to which GAL4 binds specifically to initiate transcription.
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