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BARSIC [14]
3 years ago
14

What tensions between the allies were revealed at the conferences in casablanca, cairo, and tehran?

History
1 answer:
elena55 [62]3 years ago
6 0
A primary tension between the Allies was tension between the Western partners (the USA, Britain, and France) over against the Eastern powers (the USSR and China) - and there was tension between the USSR and China as well.  There were tensions about how war ends would be pursued.  The USSR under Josef Stalin particularly wanted assurances that the war would be fought until an unconditional surrender by both Germany and Japan. Stalin also wanted a second front to be opened in the war in Europe, to relieve pressure on the Eastern front where Germany was battling the USSR.

Roosevelt, Churchill and DeGaulle (representing the US, Britain, and France) met at Casablanca in January, 1943.  Stalin was invited but did not attend due to the difficult state of the war in the USSR at that time.  They promised to fight on to the Axis Powers' unconditional surrender. They also discussed opening a second front in Western Europe, but did not determine a specific plan.

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek of China met in Cairo in November, 1943, focused particularly on dealing with Japan and the future status of Korea.  Stalin had refused to attend this conference because of China's participation.  (Those two nations were rivals to one another.)

Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in Tehran in November, 1943, just days after the close of the Cairo Conference.  Plans for an invasion into France were discussed, to open up a Western front in the European theater of war.  This would be Operation Overlord, which we now typically refer to as the "D-Day" invasion at Normandy.
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At the confluence of Lake Champlain and Lake George, Fort Ticonderoga controlled access north and south between Albany and Montreal. This made a critical battlefield of the French and Indian War. Begun by the French as Fort Carillon in 1755 it was the launching point for the Marquis de Montcalm’s famous siege of Fort William Henry in 1757. The British attacked Montcalm’s French troops outside Fort Carillon on July 8, 1758, and the resulting battle was one of the largest of the war, and the bloodiest battle fought in North America until the Civil War. The fort was finally captured by the British in 1759.

By 1775, Fort Ticonderoga had become a minor garrison for the British military and had fallen into disrepair. During the American War for Independence, however, the fort was well known to Americans and would find new importance as the site of several key events.

The first of these occurred on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys, accompanied by Benedict Arnold, silently rowed across Lake Champlain from present-day Vermont and captured the fort in a swift, late-night surprise attack. The capture was the first offensive victory for American forces and secured the strategic passageway north and opening the way for the American invasion of Canada later that year.

In addition to the fort itself, was the vast amount of artillery that fell into American hands after Allen’s and Arnold’s victory. In late 1775, George Washington sent one of his officers, Colonel Henry Knox, to gather that artillery and bring it to Boston. Knox organized the transfer of the heavy guns over frozen rivers and the snow-covered Berkshire Mountains of western Massachusetts. Mounted on Dorchester Heights, the guns from Ticonderoga compelled the British to evacuate the city of Boston in March of 1776. The future of the American cause looked bright.

The American army invasion of Canada that began in late 1775 was collapsing and the American forces ultimately retreated to Ticonderoga, digging in and preparing for a British counter-attack. Under the command of Horatio Gates, they dug miles of new earthworks and defenses to house the nearly 13,000 men stationed at Ticonderoga and the newly constructed works on Mount Independence, across Lake Champlain. In addition, the ships of Benedict Arnold’s lake fleet were armed and outfitted here before sailing north to face the British. The Battle of Valcour Island in October 1776 was an American defeat but slowed the British who advanced to Ticonderoga and found the American army strongly entrenched, with the winter closing in. They returned to Canada, leaving the Americans in control of the strategic position.

In the summer of 1777, a British army under the command of General John Burgoyne planned a siege on his drive towards Albany, New York. Burgoyne split his Anglo-German forces attempting to encircle the American positions at Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. Despite withdrawing most of their men and equipment to Mount Independence, Continental forces decided to abandon the position as Burgoyne’s men began to prepare an artillery battery atop the unoccupied high ground of the nearby Mount Defiance. In the early morning of July 6, 1777, the American garrison evacuated Ticonderoga with the British advanced guard nipping at their heels.

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