To subtract? as minus means subract/take away?
Answer:
P = 4 / ( 4 + 3 +1 )
= 4 / 8
= 4 / 8 = 1 / 2
Hope it helps
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ρ-Value, Probability Value, or <span>Observed Level of Significance
is the definition of </span><span>any statistical test represents the probability that the results were obtained by chance alone.</span>
