Answer:
a.)
Operant conditioning -
It is a type of learning in which a person learns from consequences ( which may be positive or negative ) that follows person's behavior.
The procedures which encourage the person to do the things the same way he/ she used to do are called reinforcement,
The procedures which discourage the person to do the things the same way he/ she used to do are called punishment.
b.)
Strategies Jim and Kelly could use to encourage or discourage Ryan's behaviors :
Positive Reinforcement -
If Ryan eats without dropping off his food from the plate , it will be encouraging for him if Jim and Kelly appreciate him or buy gifts for him.
Negative Reinforcement -
If Ryan eats without dropping off his food from the plate , it will be encouraging for him if Jim and Kelly should avoid that behavior due to which Ryan is not learning the table manners.
For example - The scolding of Jim or Kelly when Ryan's is dropping off the food on the floor.
Positive Punishments -
If Ryan eats with dropping off his food from the plate , it will be encouraging for him if Jim and Kelly will add some consequences which Ryan will hate.
For example - If Ryan is eating with dropping off the food and Jim or Kelly yells at Ryan for his bad behavior.
Negative Punishments -
If Ryan eats with dropping off his food from the plate , it will be discouraging for him if Jim and Kelly removing any good thing in which Ryan is comfortable.
For example - Ryan's watching TV time reduced or taken away his toys.
C. oil - warning light
If you see the light light up, then it means that the oil is low, which means that you will have to refill it.
hope this helps
<u>Answer:</u>
Option D. It's important to recognise children when they follow the rules because not doing so can cause them to act out to receive adult attention.
<u>Explanation:</u>
Every human being regardless of his age, expects validation and acceptance from the surrounding in which he lives, children aren’t an exception from the list.
It is most important to recognise the actions of the children when they follow the rules as doing so would encourage them to do the same action when they encounter the same situation in the future and helps in increasing the child’s self image, self esteem and emerging as a self regulating child.
In the case of not recognising the actions would lead to a situation where the children would start breaking the rules, just in order to grab your attention and this would continue in a cyclic manner if it is not treated effectively by the adults which will eventually lead to behavioural problems.
Hence the right answer is, Option D.
