The answer is A. The churches were against Science because it started to restrict the power they had. People began to realize that it was ok to ask why instead of just saying that's the way God wanted something. This resulted in a decrease in church attendance and the support and influence the church had recently attained within the government. They did their best to discredit scientists and philosophical thinkers. <span />
I assume you are referring to the 19-century nationalisms. Nationalist ideas differed in Eastern and Western Europe primarily because of different political circumstances. The common point of all European nationalisms in the 19th century was national unification. For example, the fragmented, small countries on the Italian peninsula sought to unite into a single country because they realized it was their common interest, as in the previous centuries they were separate and more vulnerable to foreign threats. It was a similar situation with German people, who wanted to unite and strengthen their position.
On the other hand, Eastern Europe was settled by Slavic peoples, many of which had lived under the Ottoman Empire. So, their nationalist cause was intended towards liberation from the Turks in the first place, and only then towards creating unified states. For example, the Balkan nations had lived under the Ottoman rule for centuries, and in the 19th century, they managed to overthrow the Ottomans and achieve independence.
On April 30, 1789, George Washington took the oath as the first president of the United States. The oath was administered by Robert R. Livingston, the Chancellor of New York, on a second floor balcony of Federal Hall, above a crowd assembled in the streets to witness this historic event.
The Dark Ages were from 400-1400. It was called that because of the deterioration of the economies in Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire :)
I believe it’s true correct me if i am wrong, good luck!!
