A 75-year-old man, Patrick R., presented to the emergency room with fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, and severe, extremel
y productive cough. Patrick had been a heavy smoker for almost 50 years before he quit 7 years ago, when he was diagnosed with emphysema. Patrick occasionally used oxygen at home when he had difficulty breathing, and on presentation he was using portable oxygen because of his severe respiratory distress. A chest x-ray revealed a right lower lobe infiltrate, and Patrick was admitted to the hospital. Sputum, urine, and blood cultures were collected.The direct Gram stain of the sputum specimen revealed the following:Many neutrophils (>25 per low-power field)Rare squamous epithelial cells (<1 per-low-power field)Many gram-positive lance-shaped diplococci and cocci in short chains (>25 per oil immersion field)Few gram-negative diplococci (<10 per oil immersion field)Few gram-positive bacilli (<10 per oil immersion field)After overnight incubation at 35°C in 5% to 7% CO2, a BAP inoculated with the specimen revealed a mixture of two colony types. Rare, non-hemolytic, tiny, white, dry-looking colonies were present. A predominance of small, wet-looking, convex (crater-form), entire-edged colonies were also seen, with a greening of the medium around them.The urine culture showed no growth at 24 hours. All blood cultures were negative after 5 days’ incubation.Based on the direct Gram stain, what is the quality of this sputum specimen? Is this specimen of acceptable quality to provide clinically relevant information?Based on the colonial morphology and the Gram stain, what organism is suspect as the cause of Patrick’s pneumonia?What type of hemolysis is being described by the term "greening" of the medium? Alpha hemolysis. What causes this to occur?What other (nonpathogenic) organisms commonly found in this type of specimen also cause this type of hemolysis?What laboratory tests are useful in differentiating these organisms and identifying the pathogen? List at least two tests, and be sure to include expected reactions for each organism.Organisms other than the predominant organism were seen in the Gram stain and culture. Does this mean that the patient has a polymicrobial pneumonia? Why are those other organisms present?In this case the symptoms were quite diagnostic of pneumonia. Why were urine and blood cultures also collected?What virulence factor does the pathogen possess that can help it evade the host’s defense mechanism?What preventative measures can be used to prevent infection or reinfection with this pathogen?In this case, the symptoms were quite diagnostic of pneumonia. Why were urine and blood cultures also collected?
cough or expectoration Breathing may be assisted by pursed lips and use of accessory respiratory muscles; patients may adopt the tripod sitting position The chest may be hyperresonant.
coughing can also cause Presentation Symptoms sudden-onset, unilateral, pleuritic chest pain dyspnea acute respiratory distress Physical exam decreased or absent breath sounds hyperresonance
appearances may be normal Sweating, tachypnoea, tachycardia (most common finding) Splinting of the chest wall to relieve pleuritic pain Decreased or absent breath sounds Hyperresonance
n a population, more individuals are born than can survive. The available resources in nature are finite (food, water, space, etc.) and the environment is not able to support unlimited growth of a population. This causes an inevitable struggle for existence among individuals (continual struggle for existence).Explanation:
It refers to the cost or benefit of an activity by an economic agent for which it does not pay a price.
Fr ex: factory produces goods , it releases harmful smokes n polluts our enviroment.
In this case externality implies the negetive effect.
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Sugar is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It's the way these atoms are connected that makes each type of carbohydrate different. In each molecule of table sugar there are: 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms. The black stuff is called burnt sugar!
