Question

how does the body avoid damaging the digestive enzymes in the small intestine with this strongly acidic pH as the food passes out the stomach

Answer 1

To avoid body damage to the digestive system, the liver produces bile which is being stored in the gallbladder and then releases into the small intestines.
Bile will neutralize the acidic contents which are coming from the stomach by creating an alkaline environment where the intestinal enzymes need to work. The hydrochloric acid which is produced in the stomach increases the acidity of stomach PH for stomach enzymes to digest food. The digestive enzymes which are formed in the small intestine are then damaged by strongly acidic conditions.