Answer: Practically everyone is biased in some way. ... Basically, bias means having an unfair or unbalanced opinion. Since history is a subject where people express their opinions it means that we have to be very careful to watch out for bias.
Explanation:
Hello. You did not enter the text to which this question refers, which makes it very difficult to answer it exactly. However, I will try to help you in the best possible way.
As you showed that the word "author" in line 10 was used as a proper noun, we can consider that the same word in line 4 was used in a general way and did not specify an exact person. This is because proper nouns are terms used to specify something or someone, as the question states that the word "author" was not used with the same meaning in line 4, we can consider that this is the difference.
The enlightment basic ideology is freedom. Freedom to choose your own opinion, freedom to do what you desire, freedom to pursue something that you want, etc.
The independence itself is the embodiment of enlightnment because independence is the act of break free from a restrictive rule or establishment that previously dictate what you should and shouldn't do.
Russia or China because they are powerful communist countries who go against the values of the U.S.A .
