The Scramble for Africa refers to the period between roughly 1884 and 1914, when the European colonisers partitioned the – up to that point – largely unexplored African continent into protectorates, colonies and ‘free-trade areas’. At the time the colonisers had limited knowledge of local conditions and their primary consideration was to avoid conflict among themselves for African soil. Since no one could foresee the short-lived colonial era, the border design – which endured the wave of independence in the 1960s – had sizable long-lasting economic and political consequences. The Scramble for Africa resulted in several large countries characterised by highly heterogeneous geography and ethnically fragmented populations that limit the ability of governments to broadcast power and build state capacity.
It increased the amount of war and infighting in west Africa and depleted African resources.
An aristocracy.
<span>John Adams felt that power needed to be shared to prevent another aristocracy—that is, when the wealthiest people hold all the power.</span>
Boats and railroads were improved with the use of steam power.
Because it was easier for Europeans to cross the Atlantic than for Chinese to cross the Pacific.
