A <span>state that completely surrounds another smaller state
is called a perforated state.</span>
Answer:
The principal biophysical constraint for the production of cereals in Ethiopia is land degradation in the form of soil. According to Shiferaw, the rate of soil erosion is severe in the highlands of Ethiopia. Rapid population growth, cultivation on steep slopes, clearing of vegetation, and overgrazing are identified as the main factors that accelerate soil erosion in Ethiopia Biophysical effects of climate change on the production of cereals are claimed to be positive in some agricultural systems and regions, and negative in others, and these effects are claimed to vary over time. In a nutshell, The direct and indirect effects of climate change on agriculture play out through the economic system, altering prices, production, productivity, food demand, calorie availability, and, ultimately, human well-being.
The production and flow of cereals in Ethiopia are constrained by socio-economic constraints like poor infrastructure (constraining access to both agricultural inputs and markets for outputs), dominance by small-scale resource-poor farmers, shortage of draft power, low level of modern farm inputs; inefficient working habit (less working days per week) of the peasants; substantial increase in food prices; and endemic poverty, limited access tocapital and global markets, ecosystem degradation, complex disasters like war and conflicts; population growth. For instance, the availability of financial services is constraining the capacity of smallholders and emerging commercial farmers to adopt improvedagricultural practices. This includes both short-term seasonal credit for crop inputs and medium-longer-term finance for capital investments.
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the capital of iran is Tehran or Teheran.
