Explanation:
Stages:
1. Glycolysis:
- anaerobic
- occurs in the cytoplasm
- input- 2 ATP, glucose NAD
- output- 2 pyruvate NADH
2. TCA:
- aerobic
- occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- input- oxygen, pyruvate (decarboxylated to acetyl coA), 1 ADP+ P, 8 NAD, 2 FAD
- output- 8 NADH and 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
3. ETC:
- aerobic
- occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
- input: 8 NADH and 2 FADH2, 34 ADP+ P
- output: 8 NAD and 2 FAD 34 ATP
Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down for energy production. In the presence of an oxygen rich environment, eukaryotes may carry out aerobic respiration.
overall, in aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
Further Explanation:
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
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Answer:
B) Glucose molecules are joined in long, branched chains to make glycogen that allows for long term energy storage in animals.
Explanation:
Starch:
Starch is a complex polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules bonded via glycosidic linkage. Starch is primarily of two forms:
- A linear polymer of glucose molecules bonded together by α 1,4 glycosidic linkage known as amylose.
- A highly branched, complex polymer of glucose bonded together by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages known as amylopectin. The α-1,6 linkage is responsible for branching in amylopectin.
Unlike starch, cellulose is a polymer consisting of linear chains of glucose units. Cellulose is indigestible for humans. It is excreted as dietary fiber.
Glycogen:
Glycogen is the primary form of glucose storage in animals, fungi and bacteria. Glycogen is also a complex, branched polymer of glucose units. Glycogen mainly contains amylopectin i.e a highly branched form of glucose polymer that contains α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages.
Chitin:
Chitin is a long chain polymer of modified form of glucose i.e. N-acetylglucosamine which is a nitrogen containing derivative of glucose. N-acetylglucosamine monomers are linked together through glycosidic bonds.
Answer:
claim : the organism is a bacterial cell
Explanation:
evidence : the organism is unicellular prokaryotic and reproduces by binary fission
Projections on the surface of a virus allow them to attach themselves to the cells of other organisms.
Answer:
When hydrogen peroxide is added to a chicken liver sample exposed to lemon juice the chemical reaction will be slower and appear some bubbles within the first minute (option B).
Explanation:
The liver contains an enzyme called catalase, whose function is the degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), an intense reaction that produces gas and heat. <u>The activity of this enzyme must occur at an appropriate pH, so changes in pH can affect the activity of catalase</u>.
- Under normal conditions, when a liver sample is exposed to H₂O₂, bubbles and foam appear in the sample as a result of the catalase reaction.
- When the chicken liver sample is subjected to the acidic lemon juice, the reaction will occur, but more slowly.
This is because the activity of the catalase enzyme, present in the liver, continues to occur —although it decreases— and will form few bubbles over a longer period of time.
The other options are not correct because:
<em> A. At a lower pH, the reaction will not form many bubbles.
</em>
<em> C. Even if the reaction is minor, and produces very few enzymes, it will always occur.
</em>
<em> D. Although the catalase/H2O2 reaction produces heat, it is impossible for the liver to catch fire and cause evacuation from the school, even less so with a reaction whose speed has been slowed down.</em>