D. nutrients and minerals
During the Early Jurassic, animals and plants living both on land and in the seas recovered from one of the largest mass extinctions in Earth history. Life was especially diverse in the oceans—thriving reef ecosystems, shallow-water invertebrate communities, and large swimming predators, including reptiles and squidlike animals. On land, dinosaurs and flying pterosaursdominated the ecosystems, and birds made their first appearance. Early mammals also were present, though they were still fairly insignificant. Insect populations were diverse, and plants were dominated by the gymnosperms, or “naked-seed” plants.
The umbra is right by the moon so this would be a complete dark sphere with no kind of detail or any real textures whatsoever. The penumbra is in a spot where the sun's light overtakes the moon so you would be blinded by light.
This is because of the way the tectonic plates that are in the pacific ocean. They are the most active in all of the oceans of the world. They are constantly shifting which leads to the cause of earthquakes.