1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
Alecsey [184]
3 years ago
7

HELP ASAP!!!

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Crazy boy [7]3 years ago
5 0
The answer is a C..ur welcome
You might be interested in
One of the earlier applications of crypto-graphic hash functions was the storage of passwords to authenticate usersin computer s
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer: provided in the explanation part.

Explanation:

This is actually quite long but nevertheless i will make it as basic as possible.

Question (a)  

Attack A:

One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if the hash function is properly created.

Attack B:

Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.

Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second preimage.

This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of 2n. It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find the string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/2n to succeed.

Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute-force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.

Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.

Attack C:

Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out 2n pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However, if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.

It has the time complexity of 2n/2.

Hence, this is the attack which has the most success rate in this scenario.

Question (b)

The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.

Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.

The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute-force a LOT more difficult computationally.

Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.

Question (c)

A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly 280 different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if 280+1 random strings are hashed because 280 values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power to do match against more than this many strings. And doing so increases the probability of exposing a probable password of a user.

Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.

cheers i hope this helps!!!!

6 0
3 years ago
Both UDP and TCP use port numbers to identify the destination entity when delivering a message. Give at least one reason for why
raketka [301]

Answer:

Follows are the solution to this question:

Explanation:

The process ID is not static because this can't be used to identity, therefore, it includes excellent service providers like HTTP since it is allocated dynamically only to process whenever a process is initiated.

Sometimes its instance connectors are managed on numerous TSAPs. This can be implemented unless the process ID is being used as each procedure could have an identity.

4 0
2 years ago
What adaptation Judy and her parents have that help them run from predators coming?​
Elza [17]

Answer:

.57

Explanation:

3 0
3 years ago
OSHA requires training for employees on the hazards to which they will be exposed.
Sedaia [141]

A, OSHA does require training for employees on the hazards to which they will be exposed.


3 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
How is an operating system like a translator?
emmasim [6.3K]

Answer:

Operating systems work like translators because they are able to take software and hardware, and put it all together to work in a way that is readable and usable for the consumer.

5 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • John would like to move from the suburbs into the city, but the rent in the city is very high. John has found an apartment he re
    13·1 answer
  • Which of the following is a goal of paraphrasing​
    12·1 answer
  • Rebooting the computer is a good troubleshooting technique.<br><br> True<br> False
    6·2 answers
  • Why is it important to not get distracted while driving?
    13·2 answers
  • I love dog my is 16 weeks old how old is yours
    12·1 answer
  • Which of the following is the best definition of a workplace policy?
    13·1 answer
  • Why is it a best practice of a remote access policy definition to require employees and users to fill in a separate VPN remote a
    14·1 answer
  • Which two tasks are associated with router hardening? (choose two.)?
    6·1 answer
  • What is the sequence of instructions performed to execute one program instruction
    13·1 answer
  • The hexadecimal eqquivalent of (80)10 is
    11·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!