- Substitutions: the exchange of one base for another occurs (eg changes a C for an A), which could lead to a codon change that codes for a different amino acid causing changes in nascent protein, generating a codon that codes for the same amino acid without any change in nascent protein; generate a different codon for the amino acid: a stop codon and cause an incomplete protein to form.
-Insertions: base pairs are added to the DNA sequence.
-Deletions: base pairs are removed from the DNA sequence.
